Using data to do better targeting is expected of today’s marketers. But what Starbucks is doing takes it to the next step – they are using data to know their customers’ preferences and habits, and using them to create a feedback loop that amplifies buying behavior. It serves as a great lesson for anyone in marketing today.
Before we get started looking at the program, I should tell you that I am a Starbucks shareholder. Even though it’s only a small amount of shares, I still believe in full disclosure.
Starbucks Rewards: An Overview of the New Program
Back in April 2016, Starbucks made a big change to their popular Star Rewards Program. Before we get started, let’s look at the shift from the old program to the new one, to put it into context.
Former Starbucks Rewards Program
1 drink = 1 star
12 stars for a free drink
New Starbucks Rewards Program (April 2016)
Every dollar spent = 2 stars
125 stars for a free drink
A lot of people were irritated by this change. But Starbucks seemed to lean into their best customers, even though that might be counterintuitive (because it’s more expensive to reach a free drink). After all, the new program rewards people on what they spend, not what they spend it on. People who spend the most get the most rewards points. And Starbucks’ best customers now get rewarded for food purchases too, not just drinks.
However, the fact remains that it’s now a higher threshold to unlock a reward. To make the math easy, let’s say it’s $4 per drink.
- Under the old system: $4 x 12 drinks. You had to spend $48* in order to get a free drink.
- Under the new system: $4 = 8 stars. You now have to spend $63 in order to get a free drink.
*The old system had a loophole as well. You could “beat the system” by purchasing 12 single espressos (at $2 each), so spending only $24 to get a free $7 drink. Now you can’t do that.
Innovating with Individualized Incentives
So far, what I’ve described is a fairly standard rewards program, with a tweak in April that only seems to benefit the company. Yawn. Standard corporate operating procedure. If the story ended there, it would be pretty boring – and not unexpected.
That’s where the innovation kicks in. Layered on top of a fairly straightforward rewards program is an algorithmically-generated series of individualized incentives to accelerate earning stars. It comes in the form of bonuses, each one tailored to a particular customer’s preferences and habits. Not to a customer segment, mind you – but the actual individual.
This is the part that I’ve really been interested to observe, because it’s absolutely brilliant data-driven, algorithmically-tuned marketing.
The Power of Creating Customer Habits
There are two things that drive the rewards program, from Starbucks’ point of view:
- Their goal is to promote a habit. This is the same goal for any low-margin retailer. But Starbucks can only get so far on customer experience alone – or by providing a “third space,” as it’s called. The best way to do that is to focus on their best customers, not their mid-tier customers or occasional customers. They want to nurture those customers who have demonstrated a strong affinity already, and then cement the habit.
- They do this with a “currency” that has no value. Given that you can cash in your stars for a reward, of course they have some value, it’s just a negligible amount to Starbucks. They want the customer to feel like it has value – but let’s lay this out.
Quoting from The Economics of a Starbucks Cappuccino Grande:
If the drink costs $3.65:
Cost of Coffee: 16¢
Cost of Cup, Stirrer, Lid: 32¢
Cost of Milk: 16¢
Shop Overhead and Rent: $1.31
Paying Staff: $1.10
Profit: 60¢
That’s about a 16% profit. So, if you spend $63 to get the qualifying number of stars (125) in the new rewards program, that’s about $10 in profit to Starbucks. Even if you cash in your free drink for the most expensive drink on the menu ($6), it’s costs them anywhere between $3-5 to honor the deal. So that’s a profit of $5-7.
But they’ve also gotten 3 other things out of you too:
- You’re in the store – they purchased an opportunity to sell you something else.
- You gave them data through an app/card purchase – they know what you like and when.
- You demonstrated a behavior, which – if Starbucks is lucky – could become a habit.
I would contend that the habit part is the ultimate prize for them. But for today, they’ll take the data. Tomorrow, they’ll use the data to promote that habit. Their system appears to be finely tuned in service of that goal. This is the good stuff, so check it out.
Detecting Patterns in Customer Data
With every purchase using the Starbucks app, you leave a data trail.
- What drink?
- How often?
- What days of the week?
- What time of day?
They use this data to “gamify” the rewards system – and it’s all individualized. I have proof of this studying how Starbucks treats my wife and me differently. She’s a much more regular customer than I am. Appropriately, they rank her higher than me in their database. You would never see that outwardly in any customer interaction, but it sure plays out in the data.
The gamification looks like this: They offer special bonuses and other “challenges” via the app. They notify you through the app – or will send you an email alert if you’ve opted in.
Starbucks Star Bonuses
For instance, they know what days of the week you purchase, so they might offer a “Double Star Day” to you to get you in the store on a day you’re not usually there. Then you get 4 stars per $1 spent, not 2 stars.
Other bonuses either reward behavior that they want to promote – preordering, for instance – or getting you to try new products:
- Try a breakfast sandwich = 30 bonus stars (see example).
- Your first pre-order = 50 bonus stars.
- Try their new nitro cold brew = 75 bonus stars.
Starbucks Star Challenges
Fire up the algorithms for Starbucks Rewards Star Challenges. For instance, they have a “Star Dash” which requires you to make a number of purchases within a certain number of days. Or they have “Bonus Star Combinations” which require that you buy (usually) three different items within a certain number of days.
Starbucks Star Dash
For the “Star Dash,” the algorithms look different for different customers.
- This challenge looks different when offered to my wife, however. Her “Star Dash” has a higher threshold, and is thereby harder to achieve. Her challenge is to make 6 (not 5) purchases within the next week to collect 50 bonus stars, or to make 9 (not 8) purchases within the next week to collect 150 bonus stars.
This is a clear indicator that they know her patterns and how they differ from mine. They then use this data to tune their incentives to capture any incremental customer value above current spending.
Here’s another recent comparison (between my wife and me):
Again, you can see that incentives differ between a casual customer and a frequent customer in the Starbucks Star Rewards program.
Bonus Star Combinations
There are also “Bonus Star Combinations,” where they are clearly trying to 1) get you try a new product, and 2) bet on the chance that you’ll form a new habit – if you like the product, that is.
So for me, it might look like:
- One Frappuccino (since I’ve ordered iced green tea ones before)
- One Latte (though I don’t usually order this)
- One Starbuck Refesher (a new item introduced this summer)
They have my attention because they put things in the challenge that I might order anyway, and they motivate me to purchase something new that I might never have tried – the “Refresher.”
And of course, these challenges look different to different customers.
The Starbucks Algorithm In Action
They were offering 150 bonus stars – more than enough for a free drink. It’s notable that the offer is for items that I had purchased previously. 
A day or two later, I got my next Starbucks Star Challenge – but this time, notice the difference (see inset image). The reward is reduced: 40 bonus stars for purchasing 2 green tea Frappuccinos. They focused on an item I purchased previously, but you can see that they felt like they didn’t need to incentivize it as much. If I ignore this Star Challenge, I’m sure that the algorithm would “juice” the next offer.
Know Your Customer at an Individual Level
The more you know your customer, the better. The closer your relationship, the better it will be – for you and your customer. When you know your customers at an individual level, you can talk to them differently. Customers are happier when you acknowledge them for their contributions to your business. You should never talk to a regular customer in a generic way – let them know, even with subtle cues, that they are special!
Starbucks is doing this at scale with data. They have to be extremely careful though. It’s easy to cross the line with marketing automation, and undo all the work you put into a customer relationship. This is true for any business, which is why I always recommend that you build any marketing automation processes with small steps, little-by-little. It’s easy to over-design it from the start and do more harm than good.
Now, if Starbucks was only using this approach I’ve described here, it probably wouldn’t be effective. As a rule, I’ve found their customer service (via email) to be exceptional. And even in-store, they are usually pretty good at recognizing their regulars. When I lived in New York, I worked on 6th Ave at 48th Street. By pure coincidence, my sister-in-law worked in the same building. A few times a week, we would do a “Starbucks run” to the store right there in lobby at about 2 pm. The staff there knew our names, our drinks – and it was apparent that it was not just the two of us, but everyone “on line” (as they say in NYC).
It feels personal, but not too pushy. It feels like there’s a relationship, which is important because as customers, we do business with people we like. These cues, whether in-person or in-data, demonstrate a relationship of some sort. It has to built on mutual respect. If you manage it properly, with care – it can make you more favorable.
Doing Better with Data
Can we outsource the entire customer experience to data? Of course not. But as one facet of your marketing strategy, it can contribute a lot. Compare this observation about Starbucks to television advertising. Starbucks knows you by your data, and then the customizes their marketing to you specifically. Not to you, the demographic. Not to you, the public in general. To you the person – and your actual buying habits.
This is absolutely incredible. They are:
- Creating patterns and habits;
- Intensifying those habits by rewarding them; and
- Gamifying it to make it more fun.
You get a little “charge” when you get a reward. It feels good – a little dopamine shot with your espresso shot.
—
Applying This Lesson to Your Small Business
You might think, how can a small businesses do this type of thing? Strapped for time and money – how can you put this type of thing to work for you? It’s just a matter of scale. You probably can’t design a complete rewards program (though you see independent cafés do this all the time), but you can start doing some simple segmenting and marketing automation to get started.
- Segmenting: Just start talking to your customers differently, based on things that you already know about them. The key is to design ways to get them to to self-report their interests. You can do this with a lead quiz or a free download.
- Automation: Once you know a prospect or customer’s interests, then you can set up simple sequences to nurture that customer little by little into making a purchase. Again, this doesn’t have to be difficult to start. Even an automated “thank you” email after a download counts as marketing automation. You just want to 1) make it trigger on its own, and 2) give the customer a clear sense of what to do next.
If you really want to dig deep on these topics, I have an online course with a ton of material on Segmenting, List Building, Automation Sequences, and more – as a part of an entire content strategy. The course is called CreateBiz, and it’s specifically for creative professionals. My subscribers get a discounted rate by using the following link: https://controlmousemedia.com/mwm.